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The Tonton Macoute ((ハイチ語:Tonton Makout)) or simply as the Macoute was a special operations unit within the Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator François "Papa Doc" Duvalier. In 1970 the militia was renamed the ''フランス語:Milice de Volontaires de la Sécurité Nationale'' (Militia of National Security Volunteers or MVSN, perhaps named after the homonymous Italian Fascist paramilitary organisation). Haitians named this force after the Haitian Creole mythological ''Tonton Macoute'' (Uncle Gunnysack) bogeyman, who kidnaps and punishes unruly children by snaring them in a gunny sack () and carrying them off to be consumed at breakfast. ==Reign of terror== After the July 1958 Haitian coup d'état attempt against President François Duvalier, he disbanded the army and all law enforcement agencies in Haiti and executed numerous officers. He created a paramilitary force in 1959, ''Milice de Volontaires de la Sécurité Nationale'' (Militia of National Security Volunteers or MVSN), two years after he became president, that answered only to him. He perceived a threat to his regime from the regular armed forces. Duvalier authorized the ''Tontons Macoutes'' to commit systematic violence and human rights abuses to suppress political opposition. They were responsible for unknown numbers of murders and rapes in Haiti. Political opponents often disappeared overnight, or were sometimes attacked in broad daylight. ''Tontons Macoutes'' stoned and burned people alive. Many times they put the corpses of their victims on display, often hung in trees for everyone to see and take as warnings against opposition. Family members who tried to remove the bodies for proper burial often disappeared themselves. Anyone who challenged the MVSN risked assassination. Their unrestrained state terrorism was accompanied by corruption, extortion and personal aggrandizement among the leadership. The victims of ''Tontons Macoutes'' could range from a woman in the poorest of neighborhoods who had previously supported an opposing politician to a businessman who refused comply with extortion threats (ostensibly as donations for public works, but which were in fact the source of profit for corrupt officials and even President Duvalier). The ''Tontons Macoutes'' murdered between 30,000 and 60,000 Haitians. Luckner Cambronne led the ''Tonton Macoute'' throughout the 1960s and the beginning of the 1970s. His cruelty earned him the nickname "Vampire of the Caribbean". He profited by extortion carried out by his followers. In 1971, President Duvalier died and his widow Simone, and son Baby Doc Duvalier ordered Cambronne into exile. Cambronne moved to Miami, Florida where he lived until his death in 2006. Some of the most important members of the ''Tonton Macoute'' were vodou leaders. This religious affiliation gave the ''Macoutes'' a kind of unearthly authority in the eyes of the public. From their methods to their choice of clothes, vodou always played an important role in their actions. The ''Tontons Macoutes'' wore straw hats, blue denim shirts and dark glasses, and were armed with machetes and guns. Both their allusions to the supernatural and their physical presentations were used with the intention of instilling fear and respect.〔 The ''Tontons Macoutes'' were a ubiquitous presence at the polls in the 1961 election, in which Duvalier's official vote count was an "outrageous" and fraudulent , electing him to another term. They appeared in force again at polls in 1964, when Duvalier held a rigged referendum that declared him President for Life. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tonton Macoute」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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